Must Read Before Buying a Laptop

We always want to get the best out of our money. Before making a purchase especially a large one, we usually consider first the benefits well be getting. Buying gadgets involves a very tough decision because as time goes by there is a significant decrease in value and fast obsolesce.

Laptop is one of the useful device people can hardly live without. Everybody is inclined to have a comfortable life. Thus we put our preference to laptop as compared to desktop or personal computers first because of its portability and mobility. Businessman, working moms at home, students, researchers or even an ordinary employee benefit from using a laptop by making their work easier and faster.

Choosing the right notebook can be a daunting task. It is easy to be overwhelmed with the number of options available today, and rushing a notebook purchase can be disastrous if you do not first consider what it will be used for. So it really pays off to take time to search and learn at least the basic information.

Where can you find the information you need?

* Google Just search on the keyword you like to learn about including the preferred brand if beforehand you already decide on it and for a split of second google will provide you vast information from credible sites all over the world. Click on Google to make your search now.

* Forum Take time to read forums because everybody is always talking about something. Be specific in choosing the thread because you might follow the wrong one and your time will be wasted. Visit Notebook Forums if you need more information.

* Articles Youll find wide range of information from articles because theres huge people are writing up to provide helpful advice to readers. Try going to Ezine Articles, Article Dashboard, and Article Biz.

* Review Most people offers review after they have used a certain product. So take it from them so youll learn from their experience and avoid committing mistakes in making your decision.

* Amazon It is a great site where you can easily view the description of the product, technical and product detail, possible accessories for the related item, and most importantly are the customer reviews at the bottom part of the site.

Like buying anything, it is always a good idea to fully understand your purpose and know something what is the specific laptop model you really need. If you consider most of the simple points and check out the basic information listed above then making your own laptop purchase will not only be quite painless but it may even prove an enjoyable experience. Do a little homework and you will easily find the perfect laptop for you.

Mimi Merontos writes topic about laptop to help people decide in buying one or merely provides information to those who need it. Because of the wide selection a store can offer it is really hard to just pinpoint what you like. To view more widely known laptop brands, Please visit Smart Laptop Choice

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Routing Protocols Explained

Preface:

In this paper I will explain many different routing protocols and give some basic details and features about them. This paper in no way should be considered a source of full detail about any of the listed protocols. For detailed information about routing protocols I would suggest looking into the Request For Comments (RFC) for that protocol, goggling them, or maybe visiting different vendors websites such as Cisco, Juniper, or Bay networks. Most vendors web sites have detailed explanations about all the Protocols there equipments support features. Before you can understand routing protocol you will have to have a basic understanding or IP networks, Variable Length Subnet Masks (VLSM), Network Topologies (bus, star, Hub, ect..), and the OSI model. If you are not familiar with any of the above subjects you may want to read up and learn about them before moving into routing protocols. Routing protocols are what makes the internet work by moving traffic from network to network. With out routing protocols the internet could not work because networks would just be separate LANs with no connection to others LANs. The internet in basic terms is just a lot of LANs wired together to make a huge WAN.

Protocol types:

Distance Vector: distance vector routing is a type of routing protocol that discovers routes on interconnected networks. The Distance Vector routing algorithm is the based on the Bellman-Ford algorithm. Examples of distance-vector routing protocols include RIP (Routing Information Protocol), Cisco's IGRP (Internet Gateway Routing Protocol) try Google to see all the different protocols in the Distance Vector family. Distance Vector protocols are suitable for smaller networks as many of the protocols in this family aren't scaleable in lager complex networks as they are limited. The main limit to Distance Vector Protocols is there method that requires each router simply inform its neighbors of its routing table. This routing table update to other members is bandwidth intensive to lager networks.

RIP (Routing Information Protocol):

Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is one of the first protocols to be used in networking and is classified as a distance vector routing protocol. RIP uses broadcast User Datagram Protocol (UDP) data packets to exchange routing information. There are two versions RIP V1 & V2. RIP Version 1 is the original version and has many limitations. The metric that RIP uses to rate the value of different routes is hop count. The hop count metric works by assigning static routes with a value of 0 and all other routers values are set by the number of hops (up to 15) that the data must travel though to get to an end point. RIP Version 2 supports plain text and MD5 authentication, route summarization, classless inter-domain routing (CIDR), variable-length subnet masks (VLSMs), Multicast support. Some vendors support other non-standard features for RIP but be careful as many vendor centric features are not compatible in a mixed vendor network.

IGRP (Inter Gateway Routing Protocol):

Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) is a distance vector routing protocol which is a proprietary and invented by Cisco. It is used by routers to exchange routing data within an autonomous system (AS). IGRP supports multiple metrics for routes, including bandwidth, load, delay and MTU. This improves reliability over RIP because IGRP uses advanced metrics to compare two routes into a combined route. The two routes together are combined into a single metric, using a formula which can be adjusted via command line. The maximum hop count of IGRP is 255 which is an improvement over RIPs 15 hop max. Keep in mind that IGRP is a Cisco proprietary protocol and can not be used in a mixed vendor network.

Link State: Link State routing protocol requires each router (peer) to maintain at least a partial map of the network. When a network link changes state (up to down, or vice versa), a notification, called a link state advertisement (LSA) is flooded throughout the network. All the routers note the change, and recompute their routes accordingly. This method is more reliable, easier to debug and less bandwidth-intensive than Distance-Vector. It is also more complex and more compute- and memory-intensive. Link state routing protocols are found in many lager networks and provide Scalable solutions for more complex networks.

OSPF (Open Shortest Path First):

Open shortest path first (OSPF) is a link-state routing protocol that calls for the sending of link-state advertisements (LSAs) to all other routers within the same hierarchical area or autonomous system (AS). An AS can be divided into a number of areas, which are groups of contiguous networks and attached hosts. Information on attached interfaces, metrics used, and other variables are included in OSPF LSAs. As OSPF routers accumulate link-state information, they use the SPF algorithm to calculate the shortest path to each node.

(IS-IS) Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System:

Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System (IS-IS) is a routing protocol developed by the ISO and is natively an ISO Connectionless Network Service or CLNS protocol so it does not use IP to carry routing information messages. It uses OSI protocols to deliver its packets and establish its adjacencies. IS-IS has been enhanced to carry IP (Internet Protocol) and this is called Integrated IS-IS. Integrated IS-IS supports VLSM and converges rapidly. It is also scalable to support very large networks and is the key protocol in many larger ISPs.

Hybrid: Hybrid routing Protocols are a combination or both Distance Vector and Link state protocols and only one protocol fits into this field. EIGRP is Cisco Systems Proprietary protocol based on their original IGRP. For more information on Hybrid Protocols look below to the section on EIGRP.

EIGRP (Enhanced Inter Gateway Routing Protocol):

Enhanced Inter Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) is Cisco Systems Proprietary protocol based on their original IGRP. EIGRP is a balanced hybrid IP routing protocol, with optimizations to minimize both the routing instability incurred after topology changes, as well as the use of bandwidth and processing power in the router. EIGRP has Protocol-Dependent Modules that can deal with AppleTalk and IPX as well as IP. The advantage with this is that only one routing process need run instead of a routing process for each of the protocols. EIGRP provides loop-free operation and almost instant simultaneous synchronization of routers.

Inter-Autonomous System: Inter-Autonomous System routing protocols are designed to connect lager networks or Autonomous Systems (AS) together and allow for muitiple Autonomous Systems to network. One example for the need of an inter-autonomous system protocol is to connect two or more Internet Service Providers (ISP) together so there customer can connect to each other. Without getting in to too much detail both Link State & Distance Vector protocols are considered intra-autonomous system protocols as they are designed to just route traffic in a singal AS. Inter-Autonomous System protocols main goal is to propergate the intra-autonomous system information between different autonomous systems.

BGP4 (Border Gateway Protocol Version 4):

Border Gateway Protocol is the backbone routing protocol for most of the internet and allows for peering and carrier networks to connect. BGP is explained as a path vector protocol. With BGP the policy or attributes for making the actual route selections among the interconnected autonomous systems is based on Weight ,Local preference, Multi-exit discriminator, Origin, AS path, Next hop, & Community. BGP information is propagated through the network by exchanges of BGP messages (4 types: Open, Update, Notification, & Keep Alive) between peers. Another key feature to BGP is that is supports Classless Inter Domain Routing (CIDR) with the support of CIDR BGP can reduce the size of the Internet routing tables. BGP neighbors exchange full routing information when the TCP (port 179) connection between neighbors is first established. When changes to the routing table accrue, the BGP routers send to their neighbors only those routes that have changed. BGP routers do not send periodic routing updates and advertise only the optimal paths to a destination.

Brian Wilson
CCNA, CSE, CCAI, MCP, Network+
Slimjim100@gmail.com
http://www.middlegeorgia.org
http://www.slimjim100.com

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Different Kinds of Acne Treatment

Acne is a difficult condition to treat, but there are some medications that are available to treat the acne effectively and completely. Some medications are easily available over the counter and off the shelf, and others are available through prescription. There are many branded medicines which use different formulas of acne treatment medicines in different forms.

Products like l, Daniel Kern's Regimen Gel, Neutrogena On-the-Spot, Clearasil, Oxy-10, Fostex, Clear by Design, Persa-Gel are all Benzoyl peroxide based and some others are salicylic acid based , while others are sulfur based and so on. There are many variations available within the products also, which vary according to the type of skin and hair you have. Some skin types can take heavy chemical applications on their skin, while other skin types may be very sensitive. There are some skin types which can take moderate amounts of chemicals on their skin. All these factors are taken into consideration while making an acne treatment cream.

Since all these acne treatment creams are matched according to individual preferences and skin types, the person suffering from acne should first determine the best cream which he or she can use for their acne. If they are unable to determine then they should consult their doctor and get a suggestion of what suits them the best. But in some cases the cause of acne may be biological and related to the internal system and these types are usually treated by prescription medicines. Sometimes even antibiotics are used if it is a bacterial infection for example.

Determining the cause of acne is very important before starting to treat it. If the root cause of acne is not just a blockage in the hair follicle, and something like an internal infection is apparent, then extra care has to be taken to treat the condition. An external application cream which is available off the shelf may not be useful in such cases. A physician approved medication and prescription may be much more helpful and also gives faster relief to the acne sufferer.

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Acne Products That Work Really

How much between us were waked up to see the informative advertising advertisements of end of night on the drugs of acne which are supposed to be developed by a certain doctor shining being sold for $39.95.

Many people choose the expensive one above against products and drugs acne. This choice seems to better function for them and they are patient and when they see results which they are happy and if not they are open other forms of treatment of acne.

Observing these informative advertising advertisements of end of night with before and after projectiles of photograph and testimonials tearful convince very. I want to say that some of these products are reasonable whereas the others are not but they are worth the sorrow a test for the people who were infested sometimes during years with this ugly and uncomfortable state of skin.

What you must know is that the majority of the surplus - against products of acne deal with simply the external problem of the acne. They kill the bacteria on your face and they help with curative. This means that they will never cure you, but will only help to control your state of acne.

I remember while using skims during years, in way or of other believing that it did something with my acne but when I think that behind I do not think it did anything of the whole. I was carried out to believe that I should employ this product during years spending literally of the hundreds of dollars until my acne either finally gone far on top or having, like it does for the majority of the people after puberty.

Maintaining your face clean however, is good hygiene and will reduce your acne to the minimum. What you must know is that the acne is generally an internal problem. It means that there is something out of balance inside your body and if corrected, can lead to a complete treatment.

If you will employ the expensive lotions on your face, should also consider to you the other side of your problem of acne and consider to give your interiors that a good cleans. To do this can help to order your hormones and production of oil in your skin. It also can dbarasser of the malicious parasites which help to worsen the acne and to even cause it!

One in the best manners of being given clean outside is via the specific types of fast.

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